{"id":10731,"date":"2023-04-24T10:09:04","date_gmt":"2023-04-24T14:09:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/smartcorp.com\/forecasting\/how-to-manipulate-forecast-results-with-different-forecast-methods-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-04-24T10:53:10","modified_gmt":"2023-04-24T14:53:10","slug":"drie-manieren-om-de-nauwkeurigheid-van-prognoses-te-schatten","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/smartcorp.com\/nl\/voorspelling\/drie-manieren-om-de-nauwkeurigheid-van-prognoses-te-schatten\/","title":{"rendered":"Drie manieren om de nauwkeurigheid van prognoses te schatten"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Nauwkeurigheid van prognoses is een belangrijke maatstaf om de kwaliteit van uw vraagplanningsproces te beoordelen. (Het is niet de enige. Anderen omvatten tijdigheid en kosten; zie 5 Tips voor vraagplanning voor het berekenen van prognoseonzekerheid<\/a>.) Zodra u prognoses heeft, zijn er een aantal manieren om hun nauwkeurigheid samen te vatten, meestal aangeduid met obscure drie- of vierletterige acroniemen zoals MAPE, RMSE en MAE. Zien Vier handige manieren om prognosefouten te meten<\/a> voor meer informatie.<\/p>\n

Een minder besproken maar meer fundamentele kwestie is hoe computationele experimenten worden georganiseerd voor het berekenen van voorspellingsfouten. Deze post vergelijkt de drie belangrijkste experimentele ontwerpen. Een van hen is ouderwets en komt in wezen neer op valsspelen. Een andere is de gouden standaard. Een derde is een handig hulpmiddel dat de gouden standaard nabootst en kan het beste worden gezien als een voorspelling van hoe de gouden standaard zal uitpakken. Figuur 1 is een schematische weergave van de drie methoden.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Drie<\/a><\/p>\n

Afbeelding 1: Drie manieren om prognosefouten te beoordelen<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Het bovenste paneel van figuur 1 geeft de manier weer waarop voorspellingsfouten werden beoordeeld in het begin van de jaren '80 voordat we de stand van de techniek verplaatsten naar het schema in het middelste paneel. Vroeger werden prognoses beoordeeld op dezelfde gegevens die werden gebruikt om de prognoses te berekenen. Nadat een model aan de gegevens was aangepast, waren de berekende fouten niet voor modelvoorspellingen maar voor model past bij<\/u>. Het verschil is dat prognoses voor toekomstige waarden zijn, terwijl aanpassingen voor gelijktijdige waarden zijn. Stel dat het voorspellingsmodel een eenvoudig voortschrijdend gemiddelde is van de drie meest recente waarnemingen. Op tijdstip 3 berekent het model het gemiddelde van waarnemingen 1, 2 en 3. Dit gemiddelde wordt dan vergeleken met de waargenomen waarde op tijdstip 3. We noemen dit vals spelen omdat de waargenomen waarde op tijdstip 3 een stem kreeg over wat de voorspelling zou moeten zijn op tijdstip 3. Een echte prognosebeoordeling zou het gemiddelde van de eerste drie waarnemingen vergelijken met de waarde van de volgende<\/u>, vierde, observatie. Anders blijft de voorspeller achter met een te optimistische beoordeling van de nauwkeurigheid van de voorspelling.<\/p>\n

Het onderste paneel van figuur 1 toont de beste manier om de nauwkeurigheid van prognoses te beoordelen. In dit schema worden alle historische vraaggegevens gebruikt om in een model te passen, dat vervolgens wordt gebruikt om toekomstige, onbekende vraagwaarden te voorspellen. Uiteindelijk ontvouwt de toekomst zich, onthullen de werkelijke toekomstige waarden zich en kunnen werkelijke voorspellingsfouten worden berekend. Dit is de gouden standaard. Deze informatie wordt ingevuld in het rapport 'Prognoses versus actuals' in onze software.<\/p>\n

Het middelste paneel toont een handige tussenmaat. Het probleem met de gouden standaard is dat u moet wachten om erachter te komen hoe goed de door u gekozen prognosemethoden presteren. Deze vertraging helpt niet wanneer u op dit moment moet kiezen welke prognosemethode u voor elk item wilt gebruiken. Het geeft ook geen tijdige inschatting van de prognoseonzekerheid die u zult ervaren, wat belangrijk is voor risicobeheer zoals het afdekken van prognoses. De middenweg is gebaseerd op hold-out-analyse, die de meest recente waarnemingen uitsluit (\u201cholds out\u201d) en de voorspellingsmethode vraagt zijn werk te doen zonder die grondwaarheden te kennen. Vervolgens kunnen de prognoses op basis van de verkorte vraaggeschiedenis worden vergeleken met de uitgestelde werkelijke waarden om een eerlijke beoordeling van de prognosefout te krijgen.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Nauwkeurigheid van prognoses is een belangrijke maatstaf om de kwaliteit van uw vraagplanningsproces te beoordelen. Als u eenmaal prognoses heeft, zijn er verschillende manieren om hun nauwkeurigheid samen te vatten, meestal aangeduid met obscure drie- of vierletterige acroniemen zoals MAPE, RMSE en MAE. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":122,"featured_media":10733,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"

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Recently, I had an interesting conversation with an inventory manager and the VP Finance. We were discussing the benefits of being able to automatically optimize both reorder points and order quantities. The VP Finance was concerned that given their large supplier required minimum order quantities, they would not be able to benefit.\u00a0 He said his suppliers held all the power, forcing him to accept massive minimum order quantities and tying his hands. While he felt bad about this, he saw a silver lining: He didn\u2019t have to do any planning. He would accept a large inventory investment, but his customer service levels would the exceptional.\u00a0 Perhaps the large inventory investment was assumed to be the cost of doing business.<\/p>

I pushed back and pointed out that he was not as powerless as he felt. He still had control of the other half of the procurement process: while he couldn\u2019t control how much to order, he could control when to order by adjusting the reorder point. In other words, there is always room for careful quantitative analysis in inventory management, even when you have one hand tied behind your back.<\/p>

An Example<\/strong><\/p>

To put some numbers behind my argument, I created a scenario then analyzed it using our methodology to show how consequential it can be to use inventory optimization software even in constrained situations. In this scenario, item demand averages 2.2 units per day but varies significantly by day of week. Let\u2019s say the imaginary supplier insists on a minimum order quantity of 500 units (way out of proportion to demand) and fills replenishment orders in either three days or ten days in equal proportions (quite inconsistent). To spread the blame around, let\u2019s also suppose that the imaginary supplier\u2019s imaginary customer uses a foolish rule that the reorder point should be 10% of the minimum order quantity. (Why this rule? Too many companies use simple\/simplistic rules of thumb in lieu of proper analysis.)<\/p>

So, we have a base case in which the order quantity is 500 units, and the reorder point is 50 units. In this case, the fill rate is 100%, but the average number of units on hand is a whopping 330. If the customer would simply lower the reorder point from 50 to 15, the fill rate would still be 99.5%, but the average stock on hand would drop by 11% to 295 units. Using the one hand not tied behind his back, the inventory manager could cut his inventory investment by more than 10%, which would be a noticeable win.<\/p>

Incidentally, if the minimum order quantity were abolished, the customer would be free to arrive at a new and much better solution. Setting the order quantity to 45 and the reorder point to 25 would achieve a 99% fill rate at the cost of a daily on-hand level of only 35 units: nearly a 90% reduction in inventory investment: a major improvement over the status quo.<\/p>

Postscript<\/strong><\/p>

These calculations are possible using our software, which can make visible the otherwise unknown relationships between inventory system design choices (e.g., order quantity and reorder point) and key performance indicators (e.g., average units on hand and fill rate).\u00a0 Armed with this ability to conduct these calculations, alternative arrangements with the supplier may now be considered. For example, what if, in exchange for paying a higher price per unit, the supplier agreed to a lower MOQ. Using the software to conduct an analysis of the key performance indicators using the \u201cwhat if\u201d costs and MOQs would reveal the cost per unit and MOQ that would be needed to develop a more profitable deal.\u00a0\u00a0 Once identified, all parties stand to benefit.\u00a0 The supplier now generates a better margin on sales of its products, and the buyer holds considerably less inventory yielding a holding cost reduction that dwarfs the added cost per unit.\u00a0 Everyone wins.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\"\"<\/a><\/p>

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